Black Sash Speak Out. Ceres, South Africa. Photo Credit: Leopold Podlashuc
Bantustan banking
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South Africa has the largest social assistance program in the world by GDP, supporting 18 million citizens, 85% of whom are Black women. Based on three years of ethnographic fieldwork, I argue that from 2012-2018 the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) outsourced grant payment to a private corporation, Net1 Technologies (NET1), which used their monopoly over biometric data to segregate Black women grantees into an alternative digital banking system – what I call a Bantustan banking system – on highly unequal terms. Within this segregated banking space, grantees were compelled to use their government grants as collateral for high-interest loans in the name of moral improvement and financial inclusion.
While cash transfers are designated for individuals – the elderly, caretakers of children, and people with disabilities – they form the only income available for households and families. This paradox drove recipients toward money lenders, and credit became the only means of caring for a household on an individual grant. When grantees accrued debts, exactly as the welfare system encouraged them to do, Black women were refigured not as deserving subjects of grants but underserving subjects of debt. My interlocutors questioned the debts levied on their grants, asking, “who really owes what to whom?” In so doing, they repositioned themselves not as debtors but as net creditors to the nation, whose land, labor and lifeways were stolen across generations. Their redistributive demands were not just about asserting their right to a small monthly stipend which is easily paid under prevailing economic conditions, but imagining far more radical forms of liberation and economic transformation. 
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ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONSTorkelson E (2021) "Sophia's Choice: Debt, Welfare and Racial Finance Capital in South Africa." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 39(1).
Torkelson E (2020) "Collateral Damages: Cash Transfer and Debt Transfer in South Africa." World Development 126. Multimedia"Social Grants: Challenging Reckless Lending in South Africa." The Burning Issue, Voice of the Cape, 29 September 2020.
“Social Grants and the Green Card.” Cutting Edge, SABC, 27 March 2018. Researcher and script writer with Esley Philander, Colleen Crawford Cousins, and Johan Abrahams. “Deductions from Social Grants: How it All Works.” Daily Maverick Podcast, Cliff Central Radio, 7 March 2017. News ArticlesTorkelson E, James D, and Neves D. "Legal but Reckless: Lending to Social Grant Recipients." GroundUp, 29 October 2020. Republished: Daily Maverick, News24, The Witness (pg 6)
“The World Bank’s Role in SA’s Social Grant Payment System.” GroundUp, 23 March 2017. Republished: Mail and Guardian, Daily Maverick, Fin24, TimesLive, AllAfrica “Sophia’s Choice: Farm Worker has to Decide which Child to Feed.” GroundUp, 15 March 2017. Republished: Daily Maverick, TimesLive, IOL “Deductions from Social Grants: How it All Works.” GroundUp, 3 March 2017. Republished: Huffington Post Torkelson E with GroundUp Staff. "Social Grants: Has Belamant Answered His Critics?" GroundUp, 9 May 2017. |